1. See Charles Taylor, "Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate," in Liberalism and the Moral Life, ed. Nancy Rosenblum (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), 159-82. See also Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992) and Alan Ryan, "The Liberal Community," in which he defends a version of "communitarian liberalism," in Democratic Community, Nomos 35, ed. John W. Chapman and Ian Shapiro (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 91-114.

2. See John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971);John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); Ronald Dworkin, "Liberalism," in A Matter of Principle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 181-204; and Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community, and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).

3. Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986) and Dworkin, Liberalism. Also see Dworkin, Life's Dominion (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1992).

4. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982) and Michael Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996).

5. Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) and Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

6. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, 2d ed., (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984); Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989); Charles Taylor, The Ethics of Authenticity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism and "The Politics of Recognition," ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 25-73; and Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1983). See especially Roberto Mangabeira Unger, The Critical Legal Studies Movement (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986).

7. Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986) and Unger, The Critical Legal Studies Movement, 41-42.

8. See, for example, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), especially chap. 10, "Morality, the Peculiar Institution."

9. See, for example, Michael S. Moore, "The Moral Worth of Retribution," in Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions, ed. Ferdinand Schoeman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) 179-219.

10. See P.F. Strawson, "Freedom and Resentment," reprinted in Free Will, ed. Gary Watson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982). This classic paper displays some (usually unnoticed) communitarian proclivities.

11. See Strawson, Freedom and Resentment, 63, 77.

12. Samuel Scheffler, "Responsibility, Reactive Attitudes, and Liberalism in Philosophy and Politics," Philosophy and Public Affairs 21, no. 4 (1992): 299-323.