1. For a more comprehensive account of how the concept of "sexual harassment" has expanded over time, see Suzanne Rice, "The 'Discovery' and Evolution of Sexual Harassment as an Educational Issue," Initiatives 57, no. 2 (1996): 1-13.

2. Phyllis L Crocker, "An Analysis of University Definitions of Sexual Harassment," Signs: Journal of Women and Culture 8 (1983): 697-707.

3. Ibid., 703.

4. Katharine A. Benson, "Comments on Crocker's 'An Analysis of University Definitions of Sexual Harassment,'" Signs: Journal of Women and Culture 9 (1984): 516-17.

5. Ibid., 517.

6. Kathleen McKinney, "Sexual Harassment of University Faculty by Colleagues and Students," Sex Roles 23 (1990): 421-38. A similar conceptualization of "contrapower harassment" is found in Elizabeth Grauerholz, "Sexual Harassment of Women Professors by Students: Exploring the Dynamics of Power, Authority, and Gender in a University Setting," Sex Roles 21 (1989): 789-801.

7. McKinney, "Sexual Harassment of University Faculty," 429.

8. Louise F. Fitzgerald, "Sexual Harassment: The Definition and Measurement of a Construct," in Ivory Power: Sexual Harassment on Campus, ed. Michele A. Paludi (Albany: SUNY Press, 1990), 24, quoted in Michele A. Paludi and Richard B. Barickman, Academic and Workplace Sexual Harassment (Albany: SUNY Press, 1991), 7.

9. Debbi Epstein, "Keeping Them in Their Place: Hetero/sexist Harassment, Gender, and the Enforcement of Heterosexuality," in Sexual Harassment: Contemporary Feminist Perspectives, ed. Alison M. Thomas (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1997), 158.

10. Carrie Herbert, Sexual Harassment in Schools: A Guide for Teachers (London: David Fulton, 1992), quoted in Debbi Epstein, "Keeping Them in Their Place," 161.