2. Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labour in Society, trans. W.D. Halls (London, U.K.: Macmillan, 1893) and Ferdinand Tönnies Community and Society (New York: Harper and Row, 1957).

3. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987).

4. W. Richard Scott, Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1998).

5. Jane Roland Martin, The Schoolhome (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); and Thomas Sergiovanni Moral Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992).

6. John Dewey and James H. Tufts, Ethics (New York: Henry Holt, 1908), 3.

7. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism ( New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1957), 16.

8. Ibid., 22.

9. Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1959), 6.

10. Ibid., 39.

11. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).

12. John Dewey, Reconstruction in Philosophy (New York: Henry Holt, 1920), 131.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid., 132.

15. Ibid., 131.

16. Max Weber, Basic Concepts in Sociology, trans. H.P. Secher (New York: The Citadel Press, 1993), 115.

17. James D. Thompson, Organizations in Action (New York: McGraw Hill, 1967) and Peter M. Blau and W. Richard Scott, Formal Organizations: A Comparative Approach (San Francisco: Chandler, 1962).

18. Charles E. Bidwell, "The School as a Formal Organization," in Handbook of Organizations , ed. James G. March (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965), 972-1022 and David B. Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974).

19. For a critical consideration of holistic thought in social science, see Denis C. Phillips, Holistic Thought in Social Science (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976).

20. Willard Waller, The Sociology of Teaching (New York: Russell and Russell, 1961).

21. Scott, Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems; Elton Mayo, The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1933); Fritz Jules Roethlisberger and William J. Dickson, Management and the Worker (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1939); and Philip Selznick, Leadership in Administration (New York: Harper and Row, 1957).

22. Waller, The Sociology of Teaching; James S. Coleman, The Adolescent Society (New York: The Free Press, 1961); Philip A. Cusick, Inside High School (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1973); Paul E. Willis, Learning to Labour (Westmead, U.K.: Saxon House, 1977); Jay MacLeod, Ain't No Makin' It (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1987); Dan Lortie, "The Balance of Control and Autonomy in Elementary School Teaching," in The Semi-Professions and Their Organization, ed. Amitari Etzioni (New York: The Free Press, 1969); Dan Lortie, School Teacher: A Sociological Study (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975); and Charles E. Bruckerhoff, Between Classes: Faculty Life at Truman High (New York: Teachers College Press, 1991).

23. Thomas Sergiovanni, Moral Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992); Thomas Sergiovanni, Building Community in Schools (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994); Nel Noddings, Caring; and Martin, The Schoolhome.

24. John Dewey, Democracy and Education (New York: Macmillan, 1916), 100-10. This book will be cited as DE in the text for all subsequent references.

25. John S. Brown, Alan Collins, and Paul Duguid, "Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning," Educational Researcher 18, no. 1 (1989): 32-42.

26. John Dewey, The School and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1900), 39, 45-46.